Mecanismos epigenéticos y neurobiológicos del trauma temprano asociados a la conducta violenta: una revisión sistemática
Epigenetic and neurobiological mechanisms of early trauma associated with violent behavior: a systematic reviewBarra lateral del artículo
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La evidencia reciente señala que las experiencias adversas en la infancia dejan huellas biológicas persistentes que interfieren con la regulación emocional y el control conductual. Debido a esto, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los mecanismos epigenéticos y neurobiológicos asociados al trauma temprano y su relación con la conducta violenta. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática basada en el método PRISMA, donde se recuperaron 28 estudios publicados entre 2022 y Junio del 2026. Los resultados evidencian metilación alterada en NR3C1, FKBP5 y MAOA, desregulación del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal, hiperreactividad amígdalar y reducción volumétrica prefrontal e hipocampal. Las diferencias metodológicas y los diseños transversales predominantes limitan la inferencia causal, aunque la coincidencia entre niveles respalda el modelo de vulnerabilidad biopsicosocial. Se concluye que, los marcadores biológicos constituyen indicadores de riesgo probabilístico, no predictores deterministas, por lo que su incorporación al ámbito jurídico exige prudencia y vinculación con factores psicosociales.
Recent evidence indicates that adverse childhood experiences leave persistent biological traces that interfere with emotional regulation and behavioral control. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the epigenetic and neurobiological mechanisms associated with early trauma and their relationship to violent behavior. To this end, a systematic review based on the PRISMA method was conducted, retrieving 28 studies published between 2022 and June 2026. The results show altered methylation in NR3C1, FKBP5, and MAOA, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, amygdala hyperreactivity, and prefrontal and hippocampal volume reduction. Methodological differences and the predominant cross-sectional designs limit causal inference, although the correlation between levels supports the biopsychosocial vulnerability model. It is concluded that biological markers constitute probabilistic risk indicators, not deterministic predictors, so their incorporation into the legal field requires prudence and linkage with psychosocial factors.
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